Pros and corns of traditional and flexible benefits plan

Introduction The reparation management of benefit policies might incorporate innumerable components. In fact, the compensation management schemes range from the insurance of health statues to the redeemable accounts of retirement. A good rapport between the company and the employees augment from such plans.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Pros and corns of traditional and flexible benefits plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The employees feel a sense of belonging since the compensation policies positively entice and encourage the personnel to leave or stay at a specific organization. However, the compensation benefits plans may be either traditional or flexible. The flexible subsidy policies are believed to lay spell on the customary benefit strategies. Interestingly, the flexible benefit plans may not be as moral as they sound. In essence, flexible policies may be referred to as the plans of smorgasb ord, superstore, or restaurant. Despite the fact that flexible benefit procedures emanate from different scopes and characters, the customary subsidy plans convey exclusive benefits and characteristics. However, not all business dealers or dealings are entitled to these benefit schemes. The traditionally distinct benefit plans suit business proprietors yearning to donate approximately fifty one to fifty six thousand dollars. Similarly, organizations having appropriate and reliable revenue patterns and subsidized compensation to the employees at any rate not less than five percent (5%) are liable (Martocchio, 2011). The associates who are eager to escalate delays of tax and have more than 40 years of age are entitled to the traditionally defined benefit plans. On the contrary, flexible benefits policy originates where an employee is capable of developing his/her overall benefits and wages (compensation mix) within the company.Advertising Looking for research paper on business e conomics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, both the flexible and traditional benefits plans possess a number of pros and corns under commerce. This paper thus highlights the pros and corns of the comprehensive traditional benefits and the flexible benefits plans. The pros and cons of traditional benefits and flexible benefit plans In any organization, a significant contributing factor to the employee satisfaction is reimbursement. Unluckily, the contemporary benefits policies when compared to the customary plans prove to be adverse with respect to worker’s sovereignty. As an alternative, concern has been put to the employees’ uniqueness in regard to their compensation. A number of guidelines are also instituted to guarantee the effectiveness and efficiency in managing payroll (Galinsky, Bond Friedman, 1993). Certainly, the assemblage of payrolls requires homogeneous methods under the traditional compensa tion techniques. In the present day, programmed schemes are used to compile payrolls in nearly all corporations. Therefore, traditional compensations plans have stiff limitations and are dysfunctional to a certain extent as compared to the flexible compensation plans (Meisenheimer Wiatrowski, 1999). The traditional benefit plans of compensation might prove dysfunctional when compared to the flexible plans owing to the fact that they render indirect, direct, or inefficient benefits to the firm. However, the dysfunctional characteristic does not apply when compiling payrolls in the minor financial prudence. The reserves arising from the traditional compensation management are comparatively inconsequential. Conversely, the systems in a flexible compensation plan bid a feasible substitute to the inadequacies of the traditional benefits plans. Besides, a flexible plan authorizes employees to effectively regulate a comparative combination of their outlying remuneration and benefits bundl e. In this regard, the IRS (Internal Revenue Service) requires the company to lay boundary for the employee’s preference.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Pros and corns of traditional and flexible benefits plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While reducing shortages in the current systems of compensation, the company ought to moderate the upsurge in compensation suppleness (Martocchio, 2011). Thus, the organization can properly uphold a better control of the outlying advantageous overheads than in the traditional management The advantages of traditional benefits plan The characteristics depicted in the traditional reimbursement techniques stipulate that there are benefits of escalation in regard to the outlying remunerations. Unlike in flexible benefit plans, the traditional benefits plan allows for a greater extent of generating various contributions from the deductible levy. Besides, the trad itional benefit plan entitles the targeted workforce to fast-tracked compensation savings. In the main, the design plan in the traditional compensation strategy favors both the personnel and the company. These benefits plans bound the sum of wage earners that are covered for compensation. Actually, the plan covers not less than forty percent of workers provided they can contract an expressive compensation. The partaker under the traditional compensation scheme is not likely to stand any peril of investment as in the case of the flexible plan. Therefore, in order to evade the shred of Internal Revenue Service (IRS), an archetype plan manuscript could be employed in setting up the traditional plan (Martocchio, 2013). Disadvantages of the traditional benefits plan In spite of all the advantages coming with the traditional benefits plan, it has a number of shortcomings. Comparatively, the expenses of administering the traditional compensation plans might be greater than the costs incurr ed in the flexible contribution policies. In this context, the least possible yearly contributions are obligatory. Indeed, under this scheme the company is likely to stand the jeopardy associated with the investment. With the aid of actuarial organization as well as funding the courses of action, the traditional benefits plan obligates the company to coordinate the doctrine of investment.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, the expenses on yearly funding are built on the progressing and composite guidelines of funding (Galinsky, Bond Friedman, 1993). However, different from the flexible benefits plan, these costs must be determined and certified by the registered Actuary under traditional schemes. Advantages of flexible benefits plan The flexible benefits plan has beneficial propositions just like the traditional plans. The employers’ brag of a number of benefits associated with the flexible compensation plan. Initially, many corporations enjoy cost saving in flexible schemes than in the traditional benefits plan. Nevertheless, such companies source for fresh consumers and revenues to cater for the costs of primed management in the flexible system and work plan. The flexible compensation plans are advertised aggressively by the employers through indemnity companies, stockbroking, and conference. In addition, the employees usually get consent from the idea of flexible compensation. Th is is palpable since the proprietors vend such supple strategies for a chance to let the workers select the remunerations that gratify their personal desires (Martocchio, 2013). Finally, the plan is advantageous as the company may aspire to divide and get better organizational relationship from the employees. As a result, modular benefits plan enables the above through direct promotion of flexible plans to the employee factions as opposed to the traditional method. Disadvantages of flexible benefits plans Like any other business compensation plan, the flexible benefits plan has its disadvantages. One of the cons touching the flexible compensation plan is that it lacks proof that it saves any cash. As compared to the traditional plan, flexible benefits plan is difficult to administer. The workforces’ investments in terms of dollars are disputed yet the company seeks to cut the expenses by endorsing flexible benefits. Thus, it is costly as much technology and time are needed in order to administer several employee plans (Meisenheimer Wiatrowski, 1999). Equally, the cover costs are amplified by the flexible plans due to limited workers who raise the outlays of their optional plans unlike in the traditional benefits plan. The plan similarly generates the responsibility of determining personal benefit to the employees. Thus, the changing conditions require cover re-examination and render employees lives complicated and busy (Diaz, French Rios, 2011). Conversely, there is unleveled protection in the flexible benefits plan. The plan pressurizes workers to select a solitary insurance cover and does not share any peril that amounts to any personnel like in the traditional benefits plan. Moreover, flexible plans inspire inequity and do not defend equity enquirers, the incapacitated and ladies like in the traditional benefits plan. The flexible plan is opposed to the traditional benefits plan as it attempts to save money at the expense of the employees. The invo luntary conveyance of the increased expenditures to the distinct member of staffs is another disadvantage of the flexible plan. Through little insurance coverage and advanced premiums, employee are forced to cater for the annual increases in the company expenses. Different from the traditional plan, the flexible plan cannot allow for the intervention of the full sum of dollars in the flexible credits by the unions (Diaz, French Rios, 2011). The plan otherwise snips the upturns covering for a certain percentage in the yearly insurance of the employees. Conclusion The traditional benefits plan makes the management of compensation advantageous and avails workforce economies in an organizational context. However, both the flexible and traditional compensation plans have comparable pros and cons that would provide good preference for the choice. The relationship and understanding between the company and its employees’ increases from such plans. It is however important to clarify the willpower on the application of a positive receipt of flexible benefits plan. In fact, the applicability of an elastic reimbursement plan is dependent. After the evaluation of the comparative disadvantages and advantages of both benefits plans, an organization must deduce that the costs incurred are of special importance. The traditional and flexible benefits plans are thus symbiotic but not jointly limited based on the accruing advantages and disadvantages. References Diaz, C., French, M., Rios, E. (2011). Flexible benefits: Can you afford not to introduce them? Mercer Global Employee Choice Survey, 4(2), 1-46. Galinsky, E., Bond, J. Friedman, D. (1993). The changing workforce: Highlights of the national study. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing. Martocchio, J. (2011). Strategic compensation: A human resource management approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Martocchio, J. (2013). Employee benefits: A primer for human resource professionals. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Meis enheimer, J. Wiatrowski, W. (1999). Flexible benefits plans: Employees who have a choice. Monthly Labour Review, 2(3), 17-22. This research paper on Pros and corns of traditional and flexible benefits plan was written and submitted by user Callum Dejesus to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Skate Characteristics and Information

Skate Characteristics and Information Skates are a type of cartilaginous fish that have a flat body and wing-like pectoral fins attached to their head. If you can picture a stingray, you know basically what a skate looks like. There are dozens of species of skates. According to the Florida Museum of Natural History, the common skate is the largest skate species - it can reach over 8 feet in length. At only about 30 inches, the starry skate is the smallest skate species. Description of a Skate Fish Like stingrays, skates have a long, whip-like tail and breathe through spiracles. Breathing through spiracles allows the skate to rest on the ocean bottom and get oxygenated water through openings in their head, rather than breathing in water and sand from the ocean bottom. Skates may also have a prominent dorsal fin (or two fins) near the end of their tail, while rays usually do not. While many fish propel themselves by flexing their bodies and using their tail, skates move by flapping their wing-like pectoral fins. Unlike stingrays, skates do not have a venomous spine in their tail. Classification Skates are a type of cartilaginous fish. They are classified in the order Rajiformes, which contains a dozen families, including the families Anacanthobatidae and Rajidae, which include skates and smooth skates. Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ElasmobranchiiOrder: Rajiformes Feeding Skates eat shellfish, worms, and crabs. They have strong teeth and jaws, allowing them to easily crush shells. Habitat and Distribution Skates live throughout the world. Skates spend most of their time on the ocean bottom. Reproduction Reproduction is another way that skates differ from rays. Skates bear their young in eggs, while rays bear live young. Thus, skates are oviparous. With rays, the young develop in eggs that are retained in the mothers body, thus they are ovoviviparous. Skates mate at the same nursery grounds each year. Male skates have claspers that they use to transmit sperm to the female, and eggs are fertilized internally. The eggs develop into a capsule called an egg case- or more commonly, a mermaids purse - and then are deposited onto the ocean floor. These mermaids purses sometimes wash up on beaches. The egg cases may sit on the ocean floor, or attach to seaweeds. Inside the egg case, a yolk nourishes the embryos. The young may remain in the egg case for up to 15 months, and then hatch looking like miniature adult skates. Conservation and Human Uses Skates are harmless to humans. Skates are commercially harvested  for their wings, which are considered tasty (Skate Wing With Butter, anyone?). The flesh of a skates wing is said to be similar to the taste and texture of scallops. They are usually harvested  using  otter trawls. Skate wings can also be used for lobster bait, and to make fish meal and pet food. In addition to commercial fisheries, skates may also be caught as bycatch. Some U.S. skate species, such as the thorny skate, are considered overfished, and management plans are in place in the U.S. to protect skate populations through methods such as fishing trip limits, and possession prohibitions. Skate Species Below are some examples of skate species found in the U.S.: Barndoor Skate (Dipturus laevis)Big Skate (Raja binoculata)Longnose Skate (Raja rhina)Thorny Skate (Amblyraja radiata)Winter Skate (Leucoraja ocellata)Little Skate (Leucoraja erinacea) Sources Bester, Cathleen. Ray and Skate Basics (Online). Florida Museum of Natural History: Icthyology.   Canadian Shark Research Lab. 2007. Skates and Rays of Atlantic Canada: Reproduction. Canadian Shark Research Lab.   Coulombe, Deborah A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist. Simon Schuster. Sosebee, Kathy. Skates - Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern US. NOAA NEFSC - Resource Evaluation and Assessment Division. World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). WoRMS Taxon List.

Second-Person Point of View Literary Definition

Second-Person Point of View Literary Definition The second-person point of view uses the imperative mood and the pronouns you, your, and yours to address readers or listeners directly. Though the second-person point of view only rarely serves as a narrative voice in fiction, it does appear in letters, speeches, and other forms of nonfiction, including many types of business writing and technical writing. Examples of Second-Person Point of View You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself any direction you choose. You’re on your own. And you know what you know. And YOU are the guy who’ll decide where to go. (Dr. Seuss, Oh, the Places You’ll Go! Random House, 1990)When you yourself put words on paper, remember that the most damning revelation you can make about yourself is that you do not know what is interesting and what is not. Don’t you yourself like or dislike writers mainly for what they choose to show you or make you think about? Did you ever admire an empty-headed writer for his or her mastery of the language? No. So your own winning literary style must begin with interesting ideas in your head. Find a subject you care about and which you in your heart feel others should care about. (Kurt Vonnegut, How to Write With Style, 1982)Consider what you could do with a chip in your ​head that linked directly to the Internet: Within milliseconds, you could retrieve just about any piece of information. And with the collective knowledge of the Web at your disposal, you could quickly fill in your brain’s normal memory gaps- no one would ever guess you slept through that economics seminar. (Maria Konnikova, Brain Hacking. The Atlantic, June 2015)Â   You, as an online consumer, are on your own. You cannot trust the Web’s gatekeepers to protect you from suspicious operators, nor can you rely on an undermanned Federal Trade Commission to keep the Internet’s millions of businesses in line. At least for now, every time you give your credit-card number to an unfamiliar online company, you will have to make a leap of faith. (Taylor Clark, The Dark Lord of the Internet. The Atlantic, January/February 2014)You are a sculptor. You climb a great ladder; you pour grease all over a growing longleaf pine. Next, you build a hollow cylinder like a cofferdam around the entire pine, and grease its inside walls. You climb your ladder and spend the next week pouring wet plaster into the cofferdam, over and inside the pine. You wait; the plaster hardens. Now open the walls of the dam, split the plaster, saw down the tree, remove it, discard, and your intricate sculpture is ready: this is the shape of part of the air. (Annie Dillard, Pi lgrim at Tinker Creek. Harper, 1974) The Conversational You The second-person pronoun (you) lets the author hook the reader as if in conversation. Call it cozy. Call it confiding. You is a favorite of the Plain English folks, who view it as an antidote to the stiff impersonality of legalese and urge bureaucrats to write as if speaking to the public. (Constance Hale, Sin and Syntax: How to Craft Wickedly Effective Prose. Random House, 2001) Overworking You Careful not to let the you character sound like an outtake from a Humphrey Bogart movie. The second person tone can easily slip into hard-boiled detective mode: You approach the door. You knock. You turn the knob. You hold your breath. Vary your sentence constructions to avoid this pitfall. (Monica Wood, Description. Writers Digest, 1995) Second-Person Point of View in Ads Here are some [ads] from the . . . New York Times: (1) Youll never read a book with greater interest. Earn 5% on your savings with our Golden Passbook Account.(2) Amsterdam is a whole lot more than charming canals and historic houses. There, by the beautiful zee, you can watch diamonds being cut, and do some cutting up of your own in some of Europes sassiest cabarets.(3) Break out the frosty bottle, boys, and keep your collins dry!(4) Do you know which collar style suits you best? For example, do you need a lower collar? a higher collar? a quarter size collar? Perhaps you want a tapered waistline, or even, an in-between sleeve length. Throughout all advertising, whether jocular or not, there is an effort to buttonhole the reader by uses of language that promote a close relation with the speaker. The most obvious device in this direction is simple enough: the second-person pronoun. Note in all our examples the repetition of you, your, as well as the direct appeal of the imperative voice (break out, keep). In example 4 above, the stress on your particular needs may be intended as especially flattering. In addition, observe those familiar devices of language that once again create the persona as an easy-going talker-fellow rather than as a writer-fellow. Contractions: youll never read. Colloquialisms: cutting up, sassiest. The list of short fragmented questions familiar in speech: a higher collar? a quarter size collar? (Walker Gibson, Persona: A Style Study for Readers and Writers. Random House, 1969)

Discuss the windows 2000 Emergency Repair Process Essay - 1

Discuss the windows 2000 Emergency Repair Process - Essay Example The Emergency Repair Process can accomplish a number of tasks, it has the ability to repair and inspect the startup environment, it can swap the system volume boot sector, it can replace and verify system files, and replace the registry if it is badly corrupted or missing. For the successful use of the Emergency Repair Process it is necessary that you have an Emergency Repair Disk or an ERD. It is suggested that the Emergency Repair Disk is created after you install and customize your Windows operating system. This disk can be created using the ‘Backup’ utility from the System Tools. The Emergency Repair Disk can be used to fix a damaged MBR, a damaged boot sector, and replace or repair a damaged or missing NT Loader or NTLDR and ntdetect.com files. It is possible that the Emergency Repair Process can try to locate the Windows installation and then start fixing your system, incase you do not have the Emergency Repair Disk, however it is not always possible. The Emergency Process is generally used when you are unable to start your computer using the Last Known Good Configuration or the Windows 2000 Safe Mode. The successful completion of the Emergency Repair Process will repair your system and your computer will automatically restart itself and your system will start functioning as

From Englightenment to Romantisicm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

From Englightenment to Romantisicm - Essay Example Mozart’s oeuvre often focuses on these subjects – he revolutionised traditional operas by making a member of the serving class the hero of one of his masterpieces in â€Å"Le Nozze di Figaro†, where the popular figure of Figaro (a barber) triumphs over his social superiors because of his higher moral values, and because of his wit. The play by Beaumarchais on which the opera libretto was based was banned in Vienna in the times just before the French Revolution, as the content was deemed too inflammatory. The opera â€Å"Don Giovanni† remains to this day one of the most often performed operas worldwide. This paper will explain the particular fascination this opera still holds today by demonstrating the complexity of two of the main characters of the libretto, Leporello, Don Giovanni’s valet, and Don Ottavio, the fiancà © of Donna Anna, one of the women Don Giovanni tried to seduce. As in the comic opera â€Å"Le Nozze di Figaro† Mozart and Da Ponte sketch a two-tier society and the characters in Don Giovanni are either members of the aristocracy or the serving class comprised of servants and peasants. Again, moral values are not identical with class and rank, but low morals can be found in the aristocracy (Don Giovanni) and high morals can be found in the peasant class (Zerlina, Masetto). Leporello appears to be a case of his own - in the first Act we find Leporello in the garden owned by the Commendatore whilst his master, Don Giovanni, is attempting to seduce Donna Anna, the Commendatore’s daughter and fiancà ©e of Don Ottavio. Leporello, although a loyal servant, is dissatisfied with his employment and with his master. He complains that he is kept busy day and night, as expressed in his aria â€Å"Notte e giorno faticar† which could be translated as â€Å"day and night nothing but work†. The close proximity to his master and the knowledge he has therefore gathered about his master’s life

Polks Declaration of War with Mexico Essay Example for Free

Polks Declaration of War with Mexico Essay Many believe that James K. Polk’s declaration of War with Mexico was a justifiable action. On the contrary, a more sound argument can be made using Lincoln’s â€Å"Spot Resolutions† and Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience†; stating that Polk deliberately proclaimed war in order to expand United States’ territory and slavery. Abraham Lincoln used his â€Å"Spot Resolutions† to persuade the House of Representatives to present Polk with queries about the veracity of his statements, particularly in regard to the actual â€Å"spot† where blood was initially shed. Lincoln’s questions were never answered but his resolutions convinced much of the public that Polk was not being straightforward about his motives for war. In fact, Polk had a draft written to Congress asking to declare war on Mexico prior to having gained knowledge of U.S. casualties. Polk’s original justifications for war include Mexicos failure to pay U.S. damage claims and their refusal to meet with Slidell, yet later he stated that the war was a â€Å"defensive measure.† Other oppositions to the war came from those who defended civil liberties, most prominently from Henry David Thoreau. Through Thoreau’s eyes, the government was engaged in an unjust war with the sole objective to promote the westward expansion of slavery. As a protest, Thoreau refused to pay his poll tax to support an imperialistic war, resulting in a night in jail. Thoreau condoned breaking the law if the law was perceived unethical. Thoreau believed that people have the duty to answer to a higher law than of our government, their own set of morals. Polk seemed to change his reasons for war depending on what the public hoped to hear, but he never wavered in his decision for the declaration of War on Mexico. This suggests that he was determined to reap the rewards from a war that he declared over the opposition from both the public and the legislature. The analysis of Lincoln’s â€Å"Spot Resolutions† infer that James K. Polk declared war to gain western lands, especially California, despite the repercussions of warfare. Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† also gives evidence that Polk orchestrated the War with Mexico to reach slavery out west.

F.D.R.s Influence as President Essay -- Franklin Delano Roosevelt Ame

F.D.R.'s Influence as President Some have called him the best president yet. Others have even claimed that he was the world's most influential and successful leader of the twentieth century. Those claims can be backed up by the overwhelming support that he received from his citizens throughout his four terms in office. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt began a new era in American history by ending the Great Depression that the country had fallen into in 1929. His social reforms gave people a new perspective on government. Government was not only expected to protect the people from foreign invaders, but to protect against poverty and joblessness. Roosevelt had shown his military and diplomatic skill as the Commander in Chief during World War II. This wartime leadership and international relations policy won him an award in the hearts of many Americans. Roosevelt threw his hat in the ring in 1931 in order to prepare for the election of 1932. Democratic Party chairman James A Farley directed his campaign. He started a nationwide radio address, outlining a program to meet the economic problems of the nation. He coined the term "forgotten man" to mean all of those who had been hard hit by the evils of the depression. These radio addresses were the start to what he called the "fireside chats". Overall, Roosevelt was the most energetic and dynamic candidate, and he was nominated by the party on the fourth ballot. Although he displayed excellent characteristics, his competition was fairly tough. He was up against John Nance Garner of Texas (who would be his Vice Presidential running mate); Newton D. Baker of Ohio, who was former Secretary of War; and former Governor Alfred E. Smith of New York. For three ballots, Roosevelt held a large lead, but lacked the two- thirds margin necessary for victory. Farley then promised John Garner the vice presidential nomination, which he accepted grudgingly. Then FDR took the presidential nomination on the fourth ballot. One of the purposes of the national convention is to bring the party together in a movement of support behind the nominated candidate. Although there was rough competition during the choosing process, most party leaders were happy with the Roosevelt choice. It would help pull votes from the urban-Eastern region of the country. Also, Roosevelt m... ...US river gunboat, the USS Panay, on the Yangtze River, killing two US citizens. This event infuriated the American public as well as the Roosevelt Administration. However, the US protested the Japanese action rather than demanding action taken against them. Roosevelt used his diplomatic power and refused to recognize the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in Northern China until there was an official apology. Shortly after Roosevelt's statement, Japan made an official apology to the US and offend to pay for the damages in full. Although Roosevelt set his sights upon a global society, many Americans disagreed. This school of thought led to the Neutrality Acts of the 1930's. These acts, passed by Congress, prohibited the US from furnishing weapons or supplies to any nation at war. President Roosevelt hoped that any more of these laws that would be enacted in the future would allow more flexibility. He disliked the fact that these Acts treated all nations the same, whether a country had attacked another or not. World War II began on September 1, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. Still, many Americans did not agree that the situation was as dangerous.

Socio

w w w e tr . X m eP e ap UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Level .c rs om 9699/33 SOCIOLOGY Paper 3 Social Change and Differentiation Additional Materials: * 1 3 8 8 3 1 5 7 9 6 * October/November 2011 3 hours Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer three questions, each from a different section. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 4 printed pages. DC (NF) 50220/2 R  © UCLES 2011 [Turn over 2 Option A: Famil ies and Households Answer either Question 1 or Question 2. 1 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term extended family. Identify and briefly describe two characteristics of modified extended families. [3] [6] b) Evaluate the view that the extended family is of little importance in modern industrial societies. [16] 2 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term patriarchy in relation to the family. [3] Identify and briefly describe two ways in which patriarchy within the family may be expressed. [6] (b) â€Å"Patriarchal family structures are no longer to be found in modern industrial societies. † Evaluate this claim. [16] Option B: Education Answer either Question 3 or Question 4. 3 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term cultural deprivation. [3] Identify and briefly describe two ways in which cultural deprivation impacts on educational achievements. 6] (b) Evaluate the view that class is the most significant factor in determining educational achievements in modern industrial societies. [16] 4 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term labelling. [3] Identify and briefly describe two sociological examples that illustrate the process of labelling in relation to education. [6] (b) â€Å"Ethnicity has relatively little impact on educational attainment in modern industrial societies. † Evaluate this claim. [16]  © UCLES 2011 9699/33/O/N/11 3 Option C: Religion Answer either Question 5 or Question 6. 5 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term social control. [3]Identify and briefly describe two ways in which religion can act as a means of social control. [6] [16] (b) â€Å"Religion is a force for social change in modern industrial societies. † Evaluate this view. 6 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term world affirming sect. Identify and briefly describe two reasons why sects can be short lived. [3] [6] (b) Evaluate the view that the growth of new religious movements is evidence that religion continues to play a major role in modern industrial societies. [16] Option D: Crime and Deviance Answer either Question 7 or Question 8. 7 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term self report study. [3]Identify and briefly describe two advantages in using self report studies to research the level of crime in society. [6] (b) Evaluate the view that criminal behaviour is limited to a few powerless groups in society. [16] 8 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term sub-culture. [3] Identify and briefly describe two differences between biological and sociological theories of deviance. [6] [16] (b) Evaluate the interactionist view that deviance is subject to negotiation.  © UCLES 2011 9699/33/O/N/11 [Turn over 4 Option E: Work and Leisure Answer either Question 9 or Question 10. 9 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term unofficial strike.Identify and briefly describe two reasons why strikes occur. [3] [6] [16] (b) Evaluate the view that organisations are inevitably undemocratic. 10 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term professionalisation in relation to work. [3] Identify and briefly describe two consequences of the professionalisation of the workforce . [6] (b) Evaluate the view that alienation remains a feature of work in modern industrial societies. [16] Option F: Mass Media Answer either Question 11 or Question 12. 11 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term censorship. [3] Identify and briefly describe two examples of the way in which the mass media influences the political process. 6] (b) Evaluate the view that agenda setting in politics is increasingly shaped by the mass media in modern industrial societies. [16] 12 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term content analysis. [3] Identify and briefly describe two difficulties in measuring the influence of the mass media. [6] (b) Evaluate the usefulness of the hypodermic syringe model to our understanding of the role of the mass media. [16] Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible.Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clear ance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.  © UCLES 2011 9699/33/O/N/11

Culture Adaptation And Cultural Change Essay

Culture refers to the lifestyle or rather a system of tradition that dictates the thought and even action of a given group of people in a society. It gets its expression in the language, beliefs, customs and even food thus offering a direction for effective successful living. Culture gives one identity of the everyday symbols, customs, body language; food and social cues which becomes very difficult to lose overnight. Cultural adaptation is the processes through which an individual undergoes in order to adjust to another culture different from his normal way of life. Different countries or environment have differing cultural practices and its common for people to feel disoriented when they leave their familiar surrounding to a different environment or countries. It is quite true that culture restrains our behavior because it plays a vital role in our day to day lives. Culture socializes us into a given way of life and is responsible for determining who we are and our view of the entire world. Who we are does not only depend on our nature and personality but also the culture that surrounds us. Humans are sum and substances of nature, personality and the culture all of which contributes importantly to the final individuals. Our culture affects how we think, how we behave, who we are and how we respond to our surrounding and it is easily transmitted from generation to generation through the parents, education systems and even peers. Since culture is greatly embedded in our nature and personality, that is, culture is a central ingredient in the production of a human person; it’s a big huddle to adapt to other cultures. However, we are daily confronted with issues that call for modification, recreation and even elimination of some of the elements of our cultures. For effective cultural change to be obtained there is need to understand the underlying differences in the current culture and the culture one wants to create. Our culture is transformed by our daily pressure on what old tradition that needs to be dropped, how to combine the diverse elements of cultures that surrounds us and the daily decision of the new ideas to be included in the culture. Cultural change is possible when we define precisely the culture we are building and use those terms to inflict the necessary changes we want to make in the existing culture. As groups of people migrate from places to come together they tend to merge cultures and finally come up with a common cultural practice for all. The most common element of culture that experience drastic changes is the language especially when the groups are interested in trading with each other, they will need a common mode of communication thus the language would be quickly changed to ease trade. However, there are other elements of culture that cannot be wholly eradicated, such as food preferences and the norms that outlast the reason for their development. For cultural change to be effected all the stakeholders must be willing to change. The social nature in humans that tends to drive them to share their experiences and knowledge with others is another powerful tool in effecting cultural change. Reference: Samuel P. Huntington. Cultures Presentation: Colorado College’s 125th Anniversary Symposium, February 4, 1999.

buy custom The Gothic Genre essay

buy custom The Gothic Genre essay Gothic genre is a style of literature that puts together both elements of horror and romance. It is thus sometimes referred to as Gothic fiction or gothic horror. It is believed to have evolved in the 1960s from a novel the Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole. The literature was designed to scare readers by use of mystery and blood-curdling accounts of horrific scenes such as murder, villainy and use of supernatural beings. It is also associated with architecture commonly seen in Europe characterized by flying buttress, gargoyles (grotesques fitted into their nooks), biblical symbols and vaults. Distinct elements of Gothic fiction were ghosts, haunted houses, death, hereditary curses and terror. Gothic literature gained popularity when there was a rise of rationalism over religion and the changing of peoples lifestyle. During the evolution of gothic literature it thus filled a gap due to condemnation of Catholicism (Valdine, 1999). During this time the society was under pressure to change due to technology involved. It is evident, through the changing roles in women in the society. Through this women are made to choose their own fate. The emergence of divorce comes into play as society accepts it unquestioningly. Women are hence becoming more and more knowledgeable as gothic novels become their pal and writers. Therefore with the gothic situation made women to have voice as womens deep rooted fears about being powerlessness had since been faded away. Women were thus accepted into the genre which was not far dominated by men and hence used as an avenue to explore womens power. Notably there are various works of gothic from different writers such as Jane Austen (Northanger Abbey) and Mary Shelley (Frankenstein). They are thus both women who established there works through the genre. In this event women were able to explain the female and male interaction on a female perspective. The position of women was displaye d and the inequality in the society shown clearly through this art (Valdine, 1999). Northanger Abbey The gothic genre has played a critical role in social progress that is both politically, socially, and in economics structuring. Social progress which is still being realized has been accounted through theories that try to explain this progress in life. During the age of enlightenment reason was advocated for the achievement of lifelong goals. The age has since ended during the French revolution. In the Jane Austens Northanger Abbey she is observed as a Victorian as she designed the novel during the regency period, that is, during the end of the eighteenth century. Abbey mimicked the gothic genre. Composition of her novels took place before the romantic period. Works produced during this time were known as Neo-Classical which was highly linked to Enlightenment. During this period Europe saw the emergence of novels as a major genre. Austen hence educates women on the essence of life from the novels platform. She also promotes writing and embracement of literature works i.e. gothic gen re. She mimics Ann Radcliffes (Mysteries of Udolpho) her character as Morland is completely not as expected from the gothic point of view. She is in this way seen to be boring and has problems in luring men. Under normal situations she thinks otherwise, supernatural. In this event Austen manages to mimic the genre (Stephen, 2004). The romantic period saw the bringing forward of strict rules and guidelines. Thus romantic literature featured nature, freedom and exotic. Gothic literature makes romanticism as its peripheral it however, includes elements of fantasy and mystery. This works makes the reader to be placed among the ancient features being depicted hence he/ she becomes a character. It enhances its worth through psychologically involving the reader into examining themselves by employing reflections. Readers are put on the pulpit to make judgment on their own self (Stephen, 2004). Jane has brought forward gender equality and feminism into the forefront. Through her works lessons of womanly virtue are seen. Women are encouraged to improve on the ever competitive world and play major roles as popular social symbols. Women in this event are taught to be independent and eliminate traces of being second-class citizens. This is through their roles of protecting the males and total obedience. Hence social deviance was from women who are likeable in the public domain rather than within the house. Jane as a feminist had sought to change this situation and bring a wave of feminism in the society. It was during this period that saw the emergence of child daycare, family planning techniques and equal rights with their male counterparts. In addition to this women also engaged in politics and in the media. However through it negative social behavior sprouted, lesbianism came into existence as women tried to be independent. Statistics show that womens role are ever changing drastically. Womens roles invade mens initial roles in sciety. Some roles such as caring of children, division of household chores and gender related roles i.e. cohabitation and marriage (Honan, 1987). In her gothic novel Jane Austen focuses on societal issues which since that time have faced vigorous changes. Major issues that she emphasized on were money, marriage, legalities of marriage and its alternatives, place of women in the society, settlement, women and leadership and education. With this in mind very many issues surround it with the involvement of civil rights group the issues are on a cycle of change on the wake of another day. Frankenstein On the other hand Mary Shelley was a British novelist well known for her work Frankenstein. It has since inspired many in the field of literature. Shelley in her works argued that cooperation and pity that women harbor were the only way for social progress and creation of necessary reforms. She goes further and tries to educate the political forefront not have greed but have the compassionate heart of the female character. She values equality and harmony is the way forwards. In the novel Victor Frankensteins setbacks as a parents shows the anxiety of how we should embrace social progress. She thus focuses on the family as the key element in a society. Apart from this she also relays the significant role played by women and their role as women. This impacts to the importance the two which the civil society cannot do without. The novel promotes education and womens role in the society. It has hence it compels women to be less independent, showing that a man can not have a baby without a woman and vice versa. Therefore when feminist values reign over the violence and destructive men would express a better nature i.e. compassionate, sympathetic and generous (Paula, 1995). In the novel the protagonist Victor Frankenstein objects traditions and structures his own life. He is hence obliged to live his family in pursuit of his set goals. In Shelley enlightenment idea she saw that individuals could exercise healthy politics to improve the society. However, she also knew that misuse of excessive power would lead to the demise of society. For instance Frankenstein reads books that majorly deal with fundamental visionaries but this does not bring any impact on his life. Humanity could be perfected through good societal ethics if practiced. Through Frankenstein she shows revolution aging and rejection of romanticism and enlightenment visions which could be an alternative. Shelley therefore, portrays the reader as the decision maker who owns assumption at the end of the perusal. Frankenstein sees creation of life from corpses is wise. His main aim is to help mankind to overcome death and diseases. However at the end of his pursuit he realizes that he has far cr eated an ugly monster. He abandons what he has created. Victors attitude dramatically changes characterized by living his friends and sudden change of behavior. Shelley hence criticizes his ambition and responsibility rather than his creation works. He thus appeals to everyone for avoiding the careless use of science. In this sense Victor plays the role of scientist, whom from their works intends to be popular, this will dehumanize the society (Paula, 1995). In a different perspective Victor Frankenstein is compared to Prometheus who in mythology (Greek and Roman) he creates mankind similar to the likeness of God. He then takes the precious fire and gives it to mankind without any consent. Afterwards he faces Zeus wrath by being chained and his liver fed to the eagle. Therefore, this depicts someone who emerges above all forms of authority. Prometheus rose above gods by doing this. Here, Frankenstein is a rebel whereby he rebel against nature by trying to cheat death. Frankenstein as a result is romantic promethean hero by failing in his ventures, creation of human through corpses. His attempt to help man fails (Chris, 1990). Theory such as the feminist theory postulates that Victor is a sinner. He sins against God and nature. Apart from being sinful it is demeans women as the centre of natural procreation. The creation destroys the feminist ethic as the monster is as a result of a mysterious act, gothic in nature. Eventually women become less vital to the existence of humans. The man who is the centre of power deprives women the chance to procreate who without her existence life does not exist then. The creation of perfect beings through cloning borrowed ideas from this. Victor in his conscious nature realized he had committed a crime against females which is evident in his dream. Before the creation of the monster he killed his mother and girlfriend. Further he does not take responsibility as a father and abandons his child after its birth and leaves it under its mothers care. At the end Victor feels deeply committed he expressed it in rather a strange way. He gives up the creation of a perfect being ho wever his hopes does not fade away because he thinks someone else willl continue from where he stopped. It thus fully shows that Shelley did not condemn science but contrary forbid the careless use of science (Chris, 1990). A different face of the monster is shown when he saves a little child and helps De Lacey family. It also apart from that learns read and talk though his scary appearance. After being rejected several times he develops dislike on his creator and all humans. If the society had welcomed the monster it could have been otherwise. Mankind is to blame for not accepting the monster into their system with its outstanding physic and power. She further emphasizes that the impact of the life of human beings are as a result of social environment. The things we do and what affects us is all about nature, suggesting that wickedness comes with ill treatment. The risks posed to humans do not actually germinate from science but from the society in which we live in. From that extent Frankenstein words become clear that someone else should go on with his experiment and eliminate the defects of the monster he had initially created. Through this he wanted the creature at the end to be accepted into the so ciety, perfect human (Susan, 2007). Other critics view Frankenstein in more a different way i.e. ill criticism to religion. They view the creation of the being as commitment of sin against God. Thus his materials (corpses) are generated from social unrest during that time. It witnessed that scientist would only work to the satisfaction of mankind without restricting themselves to church values and ethics. Shelley agrees to this notion in The necessity of Atheism where God is put to question for lack of valid evidence of his existence. Hence Victor is not a qualified surgeon making sense why he cannot create a being (Susan, 2007). However, Marys main goal was to write a gothic fiction book, obtaining her idea from her hideous progeny inspired by a French translator. This contradicts with the book as gothic genre is characterized by supernatural beings, which is not depicted in the novel. Instead of the scary stylistic features she uses normal beings and natural scientific events. The perfectly evil and the good deeds are not completely noticed as use in gothic. It hence shows the development of the monster from it tender age to an adult. The setting of the story is in the 18th century rather than 15th as most gothic novels and is set on a Romanticism context (Susan, 2007). The novel is based on scientific ideas. Victor could in this way be a trigger to science fiction novel and promoter of social progress. In the recent years there emerged the test-tube babies which clearly show the borrowing of ideas from the monster creation. Besides test-tube babies we also have the creation of robots. Perhaps a more perfect idea is organ transplant which has so far made tremendous change in peoples life. The novel is seen as a symbol of changing times where modernization is rapidly encroaching. The social life of many societies observed changes both in nature and science. The monster is hence a foundation of ever improving technology from its toddler stage to full maturity. In todays world science plays a very critical role eating a humble pie from the gothic genre and its core founders. It is much clear that science has brought an understanding of the past, present and future and it is ever in a constant loop. Scientific progress should credit the establishment of the gothic genre. Social life is improving day by day by creating a more comprehensive idea of human philosophy (David, 1998). Impact of Gothic Genre The gothic genre has hence improved social life but not acted as a reaction to it. However, it has very minute incidence of reactions to Enlightenment ideals of reason, harmony and social progress. Such incidences include: womens position in the society is natural and are a symbol of natural procreation. The male partner cannot exist independently as a unit but will need assistance from the woman. This shows that society without the interaction of beings it is bound to fail in its existence. We have also witnessed that nature puts women into their position as the caretaker of the male while obeying him. However much we try to oppose it through change of roles it still remains natural and one cannot distort natures dramas. Perfection is not for man but for God as it is seen that as far as many tries to discover scientific projects perfection cannot be fully be reached. The monster in Frankensteins creation shows this (Fergus, 1991). The gothic genre is hence a calling for women to wake up. Social progress will be evidence through this as gothic ideas were seed to some scientific discoveries. We should in this way embrace the gothic genre and credit it for its eye opening. Society has then seen equality and progression through attainment of knowledge. Buy custom The Gothic Genre essay

British Isles

The British Isles have nt ever been a separate portion of Europe. Long clip ago Britain was a portion of the European continent. Then about ten thousand old ages ago during the terminal of the last Ice Age, when the clime grew warmer, new rivers and sees were formed Europe easy moved into its present form. The ancient people of Britain were simple huntsmans and ate flesh of animate beings fruits, nuts, honey. They fished, and gathered oysters. They did nt hold a lasting topographic point of life and traveled from topographic point to topographic point, sheltering in caves. Then the British work forces have become the husbandmans. The Stone Age husbandman had the spots in the woods that covered most of Britain. He kept half-wild cowss and hogs in a wood and in Northern Scotland, free from woods, he kept sheep. By the terminal of the Stone Age ( 2000 BC ) metal was already being used. It was clip of the Invasion of Beaker people. They came from the Northern Europe. They used bronze and it was them, who started the edifice of Stone memorials at Stonehenge. Mining and trade were turning during the Bronze Age ( ab. 2000-500 BC ) . About 500 BC British people were larning how to smelt Fe. Iron tools had an advantage over bronzy 1s: they were much cheaper. The beginning of the Iron Age ( Bachelor of Arts. 400 BC ) British Isles were invaded by Celts armed with arms of Fe. They conquered Kent and much of Southern England. They imposed their linguistic communication on the indigens, its Gaelic signifier was used in Irelan vitamin D and Scotland, the Brythonic signifier in England and Wales. It was the Brythonic folk that gave its name to the whole state. The first history of Britain was written by an educated merchandiser from Morsel. He besides wrote the first description of the people, called Celts. He said they were a gentlefolk, skilled craftsman, who welcomed visitants. The most educated visitant of Britain described the British as a ferocious race. His name was Julius Caesar. Present English dates back to 5th-6th centuries, when Germanic folk of Jutes, Saxons Angles overran all England except Cornwall Cumberland. Some spiritual footings were borrowed from Latin in connexion with change overing England to Christianity by St. Augustin. Some parts of England were invaded by Danes Norwegians, that s why the linguistic communications of the Anglo-Saxons Danes formed the footing of English. Jessye normans contributed greatly to the development of English linguistic communication during their invasion. Following point of this was the 15th-16th centuries when written linguistic communication was stabilized with aid of distributing of printing. In 19th century the growing of British colonial power led to the spread of English as universe linguistic communication. But still it was merely the 1930 when the British Foreign Office stopped utilizing French for all its official memorandum. So It was the long manner of coming-to-be the linguistic communication of international communicating from old Anglo-saxon idioms to the universe linguistic communication in twentieth century.

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Research - Essay Example In 2000, for the first time a food product was recalled because of its genetically modified ingredients by Taco Bell brand. The recall occurred not because of some imminent danger to human life, but because it has not been approved by government bureaucrats at the USDA. The media attention surrounding the recall castigated Taco Bell for endangering lives, and seized the opportunity to condemn all genetically modified foods. They did this despite the fact that many genetically modified foods are already approved by government agencies entrusted with â€Å"protecting† the American people from food producing corporations (Fulmer). Nevertheless, there is little to be â€Å"protected† from in this case: genetically modified foods offer a wealth of benefits, in spite of their damaged reputation. Arguments that we frequently hear against the use and consumption of genetically modified foods are based on commitments to overly sentimental appeals to nature and related fallacies. The term â€Å"genetically modified food† or â€Å"genetically modified organism† often vaguely refers to a bioengineered crop plant grown and harvested for consumption by humans or animals. Products that might be classified as GMOs are developed in laboratories to augment desired traits as they are expressed in the plant’s phenotypes (Whitman). Traits that farmers and scientists will likely select for include a higher nutritional content, a stronger resistance to herbicides, a stronger resistance to harsh environmental conditions, and a longer shelf life. These traits allow (1) the farmer to produce a better yield and therefore bring more of his product to the marketplace, and (2) provide a better quality product that (a) tastes better and (b) is healthier. Genetic engineering allows the scientist to select a desired trait very rapidly, and transplant an advantageous gene from one plant to another. This conception of the genetically