Designer Duties Arising from Health and Safety Legislation

Designer Duties Arising from Health and Safety Legislation Summary of designer duties determine any possible dangers that might arise when carrying out construction and maintenance in future find relevant solutions to deal with the hazards inform PSDP about significant control measures, design presumptions or remaining risks to ensure they are handled in the Safety and Health Plan collaborate with PSDP, PSCS and other designers responsible for existing safety and health plan or safety file follow the guidance from PSDP or PSCS remind client on the necessity of PSDP ensure project to be constructed is safe and will maintain safely besides fulfil the needs of health and safety legislation, according to the Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 Defining design and designers Under the Regulations, design work includes the formation of drawings, particulars, specifications, calculations, the preambles and preliminaries of bills of quantities, where we can find specifications or other expressions of purpose from them, in accordance with which a project, or any part or component of a project, is to be carried out. The design process is the process of developing and preparing a design of a project from initial ideas up to a more precise specification, which often include different teams and fields at various stages throughout the project. Designers involve organisations or individuals who responsible for the design work of a project, including the design of temporary works. It is possible for them to make decisions that significantly reduce the hazards to safety and health when construction is on-going and during subsequent use and maintenance. Potential designers from various professions are: architects, civil and structural engineers, building services consultants, building surveyors, landscape architects and other design practices and individuals who assist or responsible for analysing, calculating, preparatory design work, designing, detailing, specifying and preparing bills of quantities for construction work; Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical and other related engineers who involved in the project; person who determine or modify a design, or who specify the application of certain work methods or specific materials, including client, temporary work designers, interior designers, specialist subcontractors who contribute to design work and construction materials selection Examples of temporary works are trench shoring, scaffolding, propping, working platforms, gangways and access stairs or ladders. Employers or the head of design team are designers. Areas of responsibility between various designers on a project should be outlined precisely to prevent any overlap or gaps, which cause confusion or even possible danger. The duties relating to safety and health of each designer can be formed after outlining scope of responsibility for designers. Duties of Designers According to Regulation 15(1), a designer is required to consider the general principles of prevention, relevant safety and health plan and safety file when working on design of a project. General Principles of Prevention Under Regulation 15(1), designers must consider the General Principles of Prevention that are found in Schedule 3 to the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 as well as other related Safety and Health Plan or Safety File. The Principles of Prevention are a hierarchy for reducing and eliminating risks. If applicable, the first thing to tackle in handling safety and health on construction projects at design stage is to reduce and eliminate risks. Designers should consider existing risks in certain areas of the project and relate any possible new hazards created by design process for workers in construction areas, end users and the public. General Principles of Prevention is used as a guide in reducing risks experienced during the construction process and after the project is completed. The measures in descending order of effectiveness are: risks prevention assessment of inevitable hazards dealing with risks on site adaptation of work to the person: working environment, equipment used for work, working systems, in order to prevent repetitive jobs and health risks adaptation of working place to technical development replacing risky elements, substances or working systems with those that less dangerous establishment of prevention policy related to safety, health and welfare at work that consider about technology, social factors, working organisation, environment and conditions prioritizing collective protective measures over individual protective measures providing appropriate training and guidance to employees Besides, designers should: identify any hazards in the design eliminate risks when applicable without introducing other higher risks evaluate and reduce residual hazards by using risk assessment process of the design and prioritizing collective protection supply relevant information so that other designers, contractors and the PSDP are aware of identified residual hazards and able to take action Designers should be aware of hazards that likely cause injury. They must assess design proposals critically at beginning, followed by throughout the design process, to identify the main construction safety and health issues, and include them into overall design process. The nature of risks varies depends on the type of project constructed. Designers should review the hazards before informing the PSDP when developing the design, especially for design and build contracts, where there is a large overlap in time between designing main elements of a project and the construction stage. Designers are recommended to participate in some safety and health meetings between the PSDP, PSCS, and contractor. Designers may have direct influence, and should consider other design considerations such as: choosing position and design of structures to prevent or minimise risks from known site hazards, e.g. buried services, traffic movements, contaminated ground minimise health hazards, e.g. use less hazardous materials, prevent activities that emit dangerous substances, use materials can be handled easily, design block paved areas and access areas minimise safety hazards, e.g. work at height, fragile roof site, public areas or on motorways, flammable materials; apply prefabrication to minimise dangerous work or in a controlled manner prevent hazardous aspects that cause falling or injury if work at height is unavoidable, e.g. install permanent access in the beginning; apply edge protection work on attempts that simplify the construction process, e.g. provide lifting points, weight and centre of gravity for heavy items on the items and drawings; consider temporary works needed; end bearings to slabs or beams that end-propping temporarily; design connections to ensure accuracy of assembly design to simplify maintenance and cleaning jobs in future, e.g. concern on safe permanent access; create access areas for future maintenance; utilise windows that can be cleaned from indoor; design safe plant rooms; create safe access for roof Providing Information According to Regulation 15(b), a designer requires to supply all related information in written form to project supervisors in order for them to conduct their duties. The details provided should be up-to-date so that the PSDP able to coordinate activities of designers involved in the project besides ensure the effectiveness of communication between PSCS and other duty-holders. Moreover, designers should provide relevant information on the design features that might cause risks in future construction work or maintenance. It will then be included into the Safety File by the PSDP. Completing design certificates is a way of recording agreement with these duties and keeping record of different stages throughout the design process. This ensure the safety of works carried out at different stages, besides help in design examination and communication of design assumptions between various designers. Other method can also be used as an alternative for communication, record and verification of information related to the project. This will help the PSDP to fulfil his or her co-ordination role, and will also demonstrate the designers compliance with the legislation. It is recommended that a permanent works designer should complete a permanent works design certificate with respect to the adequacy, in the context of safety and health, of their design. A permanent works designer is recommended to complete a permanent works design certificate related to the adequacy, in line with safety and health, of their design. Temporary works designers and contractors should locate their temporary works design according to the assumptions made in loadings and construction sequence. The temporary works designer is recommended to complete a temporary works design certificate in order to supply sufficient information to all parties and ensure the structure can be built safely. Completed forms are handed over to the PSDP for verification in coordinating various designers. The forms are passed to the PSCS and other relevant person afterwards. Designer Co-operation Under the Regulation 15(2), designer is required to cooperate with the project supervisors for both design process and construction stage as well as other designers, to allow them to comply with these Regulations. This can be done in terms of supplying relevant information, attending meetings or reviewing designs in order to improve the features of safety and health on site. Besides, designers ought to supply information for the PSDP to compose a Safety File. The information provided include details about plants or materials specified in the building, design assumptions, and relative calculations for the functioning, maintenance, and possible extension of the building. Designers should also determine demolition risks to the PSDP for inclusion in the Safety and Health File, these include: substantial stored energy sources, including pre- or post-tensioned members stability demands; adjustments that altered the original structure Complying with Directions According to Regulation 15(c), designers should agree with all commands from the project supervisor for both design process and construction stage, which are expressed as stated in Regulation 14 or 20, when applicable. It is possible for the PSDP or PSCS to request any designer to achieve Designers duties, so that the Project Supervisor may accomplish own duties under Construction Regulations 2006. Designers have to fulfil any reasonable requests from the PSDP or PSCS, including issues related to General Principles of Prevention or coordinating design activities among different designers. However, it is not reasonable for designers to comply with directions that they not capable of doing, or not related and controlled by them, or legally constrained from doing. If a designer failed to carry out a direction from project supervisor, the project supervisor must issue the direction in written form. When PSDP considers the designer failed to complete a confirmed written direction, they need to inform the Health and Safety Authority, Client and the person who failed to comply with the direction, by including a copy of the written direction and relevant response from the person in accordance with the direction. Once the Health and Safety Authority carry out investigation, it usually determines whether the parties involved have complied with their legal duties, before any enforcement actions are taken. The Authority will not conduct any negotiation or judgement between the parties. When an investigation commences, a designer or Project Supervisor may express any additional responses to the instruction so that consideration is given to all relevant sides in the matter. Detailed Provision of information Under Regulation 15(3), a designer has to provide relevant information in written form to project supervisor immediately when working on design of a project. This information is: hazards to the safety, health and welfare of workers related to the project, including those stated in Schedule 1 to the Regulations The significant risks are: dangerous or flammable substances involved in the design (epoxy grouts, fungicidal paints, isocyanates materials) particular problems and solutions structures that affect accessibility huge, heavy or cumbersome prefabricated objects which are difficult and risky to handle works that cannot be achieved by normal methods of tying scaffolds aspects of design and sequences of constructing or disassembling that need to be noticeable at the design stage and significant to work safely unusual stability approaches includes the type and areas to be covered by the project to allow project supervisor complies with the Regulations relevant details for project supervisor to include in the safety file aware by the designer and the safe construction of design for the project Information given should be limited to project. In the context of structural stability, design is based on: particular erection or construction sequence setting up and removal of false work, interim propping or formwork as well as the arrangement loading restrictions during construction if contractor is not aware of the factors, designers (temporary or permanent works, specialist designers) should inform the PSCS, PSDP and contractors, to ensure construction proceeds safely according to the design intent If a structure became unstable due to certain reason, the temporary works to ensure stability during the construction, alteration, or demolition of any part of the structure will be the pertinent information. Other relevant designers should be informed as well in order for them to take appropriate measures in their design to accommodate safety, health and welfare. Making Clients Aware of their Duties Under Regulation 15(4), designers should provide information to a contractor if there is no appointed project supervisor for the project according to the Regulation 15(3). Regarding to the duties of Client, a Client has no legal obligation to assign Project Supervisors in some circumstances. In this context, a designer has to provide information required under Regulation 15(3) to the appropriate contractor. According to Regulation 15(5), designers should immediately inform the client of the clients duties under Regulation 6 when they are not aware of the appointment of project supervisor in design process. Does any other Legislation Apply? Any other duty-holders who responsible to oversee a work place have to ensure the preservation of the safety, health and welfare of workers at working site, as well as others who affected by the on-going work on site. Designers may have other responsibilities besides those stated in the Construction Regulations. Safety Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005 and other related legal provisions will also apply. Section 17 (2) of the Act also requires a designer of construction work to ensure that the project: is designed and qualified to be constructed safely without risking ones health can be maintained safely without risking ones health when in use obeys all respects, as appropriate, of the relevant statutory provisions.

Louis Pasteur in Public Health Essay

Louis Pasteur is a man of many talents; his greatest gift was his intelligence and patience without it the medical field and the public health system would not be where it is today. Through his patience and diligence Pasteur was able to make several advances in chemistry, microbiology, immunizations and preservations. In 1857 he developed the Germ Theory of fermentation and putrefaction, these theories assisted in the surgical revolution of antiseptics developed by Joseph Lister. He has laid the foundations for epidemiology and the defining rules for personnel hygiene. Many people believed that his theories were not true and hoped that he would fail however time and time again he proved them wrong. Through his studies and research Pasteur was able to positively impact the nineteenth century by the development of theories such as the Germ Theory and vaccines for several diseases such as anthrax and rabies, which led to the first successful vaccination of humans. He has shown how pathogens could be passed from animals to humans. Louis Pasteur was born in Dole, France on December 27, 1822; as the son of a tanner his father wanted him to get the education that he did not receive. He attended school at â€Å"? cole Primaire and later went to the College d’Arboix but did not finish due to be home sick. In 1842 he went on to earn his Bachelor’s degree in Science at College Royal de Besancon, from there he attended ? cole Normale to earn his Doctorate in Science focusing on physics and chemistry. (Toledo-Pereyra, 2009). In 1849 he married Marie Laurent; she bore him five children through the years, three of the passed away before reaching maturity. Even though Pasteur has been recognized for great accomplishments in the fields of physics, chemistry and microbiology he did not prosper from it. He taught at several colleges as Chemist, and later moved on to being a director or an administrator of the Department of Science. He is one of the founding fathers of microbiology. According to â€Å"Discovery of Pasteurization† (2010), â€Å"Pasteur laid the foundation for all microbiological techniques through his research on Lactic and alcoholic fermentation and defined these principles: All fermentation is caused by a microorganism, there is a particular ferment for every given fermentation, a sterile culture is required for ferment growth, the medium has to be seeded with absolute ferment particles† (Alcoholic Fermentation). Through his studies of fermentation Pasteur was able to denounce the theory of spontaneous generation. â€Å"Spontaneous generation is the supposed development of living organisms from non-living matter. † (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th Ed. ). The denouncement of spontaneous generation and studies of fermentation led to the sterilization of milk, wine and beer, which resulted in improved taste and quality; but also prevented thousands of unnecessary deaths. This process was later named after him and was called pasteurization which is the heating of beverages or food to kill living organisms to prevent spoilage. In 1857 he developed the Germ Theory of fermentation; later named the Germ Theory of disease, this led to Joseph Lister’s development of antiseptics that is now used for surgeries. As Pasteur continued to study micro-organisms he began to take on animal diseases. Through his studies he was able to develop several vaccines and eradicate rabies, also he was able to successful vaccinate human’s from the rabies disease. He was first called upon to investigate the disease of silkworms, which almost devastated the silkworm industry. His studies showed that the worms disease was caused by shiny corpuscles†; an unattached body cell, â€Å"which he later discovered was hereditary and contagious,† (Discovery of Pasteurization, 2010) and soon began suggesting new hygienic measures to properly cultivate the silkworms. Without delay he started to tackle more animal disease specifically Chicken Cholera and Anthrax which were occurring around the same time. Anthrax was slaughtering farm animals mostly, sheep; through investigations of healthy and diseased animals he was able to cultivate a vaccine to control the bacteria. Toledo-Pereyra, 2009), and he did the exact same thing with Chicken Cholera. In 1881 Pasteur began the study of the viral disease called rabies. Rabies attacks the central nervous system of warm blooded animals including humans. According to (Harrigan, 2011). â€Å"Animal symptoms may have the appearance of being sick, crazed, act vicious or may be over friendly, docile, and confused. Human symptoms may be pain or tingling sensation from the bite site, high fever, confusion, seizures and coma. Once an animal or individual is infected and they show signs of symptoms they rarely live. †(Symptoms). Pasteur began his investigations by studying â€Å"infected rabies animals to get an understanding of the disease’s cycle. He discovered that the spinal cords of dying rabbits with rabies could be kept no infected by maintaining them in a sterile, dried air for two weeks. He developed a system of various concentrations of inoculated material; he was able to protect the animals. (Toledo-Pereyra, 2009). According to Encyclopedia of World Biography (2011) On 1885 Pasteur was brought a nine-year-old boy by the name of Joseph Meister who had been badly mauled by a rabid dog, with the permission from the boys physician he administered the vaccination treatments. The child successfully recovered from the rabies virus due to Pasteur’s diligence and since of duty to his country. Louis Pasteur had different methods to help society accept his scientific theories. His most widely used was proof, he showed the people through controlled variable or environment. By letting his work speak for itself, he was able integrate is theories a lot easier. Two of Pasteur’s biggest adversary’s was â€Å"Justus Liebig he tried to disprove Pasteur’s theory on spontaneous generation and the theory of fermentation; and Felix Archimede Pouchet whom questioned his theory of spontaneous generation. †(Schwartz, 2001). He was able to hold his own through methodological research, experimentation, and documentation to prove that his theories were the most accurate. As a testament to time Pasteur’s efforts to rid the world of diseases such as Rabies, Anthrax, and Cholera his theories have rang true. His studies of fermentation, putrefaction and spontaneous generation have led society to be a more hygienic and sufficient place. There are healthier people in the world today, because of his efforts to help people live and for them to understand what was going on despite centuries of beliefs. If it was not for Louis Pasteur the medical profession would have probably just getting to understanding the life of a microorganism. Pasteur has influenced countless people through his work because of the way he presented, explained and proved it. His studies helped Joseph Lister in the surgical field, by showing that there are micro-organisms that are in the air which causes contamination of the wounds. According to New world of Encyclopedia (2008)â€Å"The young boy whose life was saved by Pasteur’s vaccine for rabies worked at the Pasteur Institute, Meister was ordered by German forces occupying Paris to open his crypt, but he committed suicide rather than comply. † The impact the Pasteur had has been greatly felt throughout the world, without his perseverance the world would not be where it is today in regards to the medical field and public health. His desire to understand why things happened and how they happened influenced people to work with his drive, and determination. Pasteur’s willingness to accept change despite the fear it may cause, has shown us that just because something has been thought for centuries does not make it right, and if you do not believe in something find a way through scientific experimentation to be able to disprove it or show that it is right. For almost every experiment that was used to show the population that it was true he did it publicly for all eyes to see so that there was no doubt, and to prove that change is can be good. Louis Pasteur was a great chemist, physicist, and above all else a great teacher. He taught the world that just because you do not see it, does not mean that it is not there. Through his microscope he was able to make drinks healthier, formulate vaccines, and eradicate some the worst diseases that was known to man. Pasteur’s influences have touched each and everyone in some way shape or form. Even though he was doubted and criticized he still did not stop trying to make this world a better place. This man is truly a Public Health figure for all time.

How to Grow a Big Alum Crystal

Alum is found in the spices section of the grocery store. That little jar contains small white crystals that, with a bit of time and effort, you can grow a big alum crystal  that looks a bit like a diamond. This takes days to weeks. What You Need for Alum Crystals 1/2 cups hot tap water2-1/2 tablespoons alumnylon fishing linepencil, ruler, or knife2 clean jarsspooncoffee filter/paper towel Grow the Crystals Pour 1/2 cup of hot tap water into a clean jar.Slowly stir in alum, a little at a time, until it stops dissolving. Dont add the whole amount; just enough to saturate the water.Loosely cover the jar with a coffee filter or paper towel (to keep dust out) and allow the jar to sit undisturbed overnight.The next day, pour the alum solution from the first jar into the clean jar. You will see small alum crystals at the bottom of the jar. These are seed crystals that you will use to grow a big crystal.Tie nylon fishing line around the largest, best-shaped crystal. Tie the other end to a flat object (e.g., popsicle stick, ruler, pencil, butter knife). You will hang the seed crystal by this flat object into the jar far enough so that it will be covered in liquid, but wont touch the bottom or sides of the jar. It may take a few tries to get the length just right.When you have the right string length, hang the seed crystal in the jar with the alum solution. Cover it with the coffee filter and gr ow a crystal!Grow your crystal until you are satisfied with its size. If you see crystals starting to grow on the sides or bottom of your jar, carefully remove your crystal, pour the liquid into the clean jar, and put the crystal in the new jar. Other crystals in the jar will compete with your crystal for alum, so it wont be able to get as big if you let these crystals grow. Crystal Growing Tips You can use sewing thread or other string instead of nylon fishing line, but crystals will grow on the entire length of the submerged string. Crystals dont adhere to nylon, so if you use it, you can get bigger and better crystals.Alum is an ingredient used to make pickles. It makes them crispy.

Quotes About Long Distance Relationships

It is said that absence makes the heart grow fonder—this is probably why lovers who are apart spend most of their time thinking about each other. If you are living away from your beloved, then there might be a long distance love quote below that will provide you with some comfort. Making Long Distance Work Many people who have been in long distance relationships have confessed that it is tough to stay committed when your partner lives across time zones and continents. Practical considerations such as the difference in time zone, cultures, lifestyle, and attitude draw couples apart. Lack of physical contact  also contributes to the gnawing chasm between two lovers. So are long distance relationships practical? Should couples who live apart reconsider their career or lifestyle choices so that they can accommodate the relationship? Rationale dictates that to keep a relationship alive and energetic, lovers need to be together as often as possible. So you can schedule a recess in your work or study routine to factor in a romance holiday. Make sure to keep aside all other work obligations when you are with your sweetheart. Long distance love can work if both partners are willing to accept the difference in lifestyle. Here are some long distance love quotes that can help stoke the flame of passion. Quotes on Long-Distance Romance George Eliot: What greater thing is there for two human souls that to feel that they are joined... to strengthen each other... to be at one with each other in silent unspeakable memories.Anonymous: Love puts the fun in together, the sad in apart, and the joy in a heart.Thomas Fuller: Absence sharpens love, presence strengthens it.Robert Dodsley:One kind kiss before we part,Drop a tear and bid adieu;Though we sever, my fond heartTill we meet shall pant for you.Francois de la Rouchefoucauld: Absence diminishes small loves and increases great ones, as the wind blows out the candle and blows up the bonfire.Roger de Bussy-Rabutin: Absence is to love as wind is to fire; it extinguishes the small and kindles the great.Richard Bach: Can miles truly separate you from friends? If you want to be with someone you love, arent you already there?Anonymous: Absence makes thy heart grow fonder.Anonymous: I hate the stars because I look at the same ones as you do, without you.Anonymous:A part of you h as grown in me.And so you see, its you and meTogether forever and never apart,Maybe in distance, but never in heart.Khalil Gibran: And ever has it been known that love knows not its own depth until the hour of separation.Jon Oliva:If I go awayWhat would still remain of me?The ghost within your eyes?The whisper in your sighs?You see... BelieveAnd Im always there.Kay Knudsen: Love is missing someone whenever youre apart, but somehow feeling warm inside because youre close in heart.Hans Nouwens: In true love the smallest distance is too great, and the greatest distance can be bridged.George Eliot: That farewell kiss which resembles greeting, that last glance of love which becomes the sharpest pang of sorrow.Anonymous: If the only place where I could see you was in my dreams, Id sleep forever.Pam Brown: Odd how much it hurts when a friend moves away—and leaves behind only silence.Edward Thomas: The simple lack of her is more to me than others presence.

Plot over The Lottery - 1503 Words

An Imperfect Society Shirley Jackson wrote â€Å"The Lottery† in 1948 with a purpose in mind. Upon hearing the title, many readers think about a lottery in people want to win due to the fact that they could win millions of dollars. However, this is not the case in Jackson’s version where the lottery is one in which the winner is stoned to death. Jackson’s focus in this story is that society is flawed, imperfect, and sometimes stuck in the past. She declared that her purpose was â€Å"to shock the story’s readers with a graphic demonstration of the pointless violence and general inhumanity in their own lives† (Jackson 239). Her goal is for the reader to notice these traits of society upon evaluating the plot, point of view, and†¦show more content†¦Jackson makes the statement, â€Å"Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones† (244). The next element to look at i s whether or not the author gives the reader access to any character’s consciousness. In reading the story the reader can tell how certain characters feel by listening to what they say. An example of this is when Old Man Warner states, â€Å"It’s not the way it used to be. People ain’t the way they used to be† (244). The reader can tell that he is frustrated because people are not responding to the lottery as they used to. However, Jackson does not allow the reader access into any character’s consciousness and let him or her know how a particular character feels outside of what that character says. The third concept involves the narrator’s position and presence, which determines whether that person is involved in the story or not. If the narrator is involved in the story, the reader must then determine if that character is a major or minor character and if his or her presence is pervasive, dominate, or obtrusive. Jackson’s use of t he narrator in this story is one that is an outside observer looking in at the events unfolding and not a participant in the story. The fourth and final concept of point of view is the reliability of the narrator. The reader must determine if they find the narrator believable or not. The fact that the narrator inShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson918 Words   |  4 PagesThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson, is a short story about an annual lottery draw in a small town. The story sets place in a small town of three hundred or so people. The theme of destructive tradition pervades the text, beginning with irony manner of choosing the person and, of course, ultimately leading to the person’s death. Every year a lottery is held, in which one someone is cruelly chosen to be stoned to death by the people in the town to be able to provide more for the others in the town. TheRead MoreThe Lottery Short Story847 Words   |  4 Pagesdramatic. â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story written by Shirley Jackson, and it is a great example of a story that uses all three types. Parts of the story and the whole story itself use irony to confuse but entertain the reader. Situational irony is defined as something happening that was the opposite of what was expected. â€Å"The Lottery† uses situational irony for the entire plot of the story. In the beginning of the story, families are gathering in the town square to draw names for a lottery. The settingRead MoreThe Use Of Characterization In The Lottery By Shirley Jackson902 Words   |  4 Pages inhumane lottery in a situation in which the town goes together, the results may be a terrible end in a young life. In â€Å"The Lottery† written by, Shirley Jackson, the main character Mrs. Tessie Hutchinson’s and the town folk are the main characters of this story. In â€Å"The Lottery† Shirley Jackson uses the use of characterization to portray the main ideas of the story. Shirley Jackson also uses the use of plot structure and the point of view in which the story is being told. The Lottery is a way toRead MoreComparing The Lottery and Hills Like White Elephants Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesComparing â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† â€Å"The Lottery† written by Shirley Jackson is a story based off of its point of view, the story would not be told or understood in the same way if it was written in a different point of view. This story keeps the interest of its readers because it has a point of view where only the people in the story know whats going to happen and know more information than the readers do. If this story was written in first person the readers would knowRead MoreEssay on The Use of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery, Shirley Jackson uses symbolism to make us aware of the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and violence. The story starts off on a beautiful summer day in a small town. The author describes the day as very euphoric but strikes a contrast between the atmosphere of the town and the atmosphere of the people gathered in the square. The atmosphere is subdued, where the children are gathered aroundRead MoreAnalysis Of The Lottery By Shirley Jackson1226 Words   |  5 PagesSignificance of Mr. Summers’ Character in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson In the short story, The Lottery, Jackson applies Mr. Summers’ character to highlight his significant role in the village’s life as a whole and more particularly in the lottery. 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The setting of a story is very important to the storyline and gives meaning to each element and theme of the story. The setting of â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson has extremely significant meaning to the plot of this story. The setting represents elements of irony, tradition, and unity. The mood in the beginning of the story is cheerful and appears to be a normal day. The children are playing, the men are talking aboutRead MoreThe Day Of The Lottery1397 Words   |  6 Pagesin a small town are gathering on a warm, beautiful summer day in the square for the lottery. The children, who have just finished school, are playing while waiting on their parents to meet them in the square and are gathering up rocks into a pile off to the side. Everyone enters the square and the parents call their children over to stand with the family. Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves, the men who conduct the lottery, arrive in the square with the black box. The box is falling apart and Mr. SummersRead MoreTheme Of Empathy In The Lottery803 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Empathy Empathy is fundamental to institute showing sympathy and understanding towards other people. The two stories, â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"The Interlopers†, are centered around solidifying how significant empathy is. The authors in both of the stories use specific literary devices to get their message across. The techniques they use include situational irony, characterization, and pacing. Each of these devices help create the mood of their stories, which aids in your understanding

Water and National Best Farmer Free Essays

Part A Essay Writing Answer one question only from this part. 1. Write a letter to the Member of Parliament of your constituency telling him/her about the rise in armed robbery in your area. We will write a custom essay sample on Water and National Best Farmer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Suggest at least two ways to check it. 2. Write a story which ends with the sentence: We arrived just in time to save the situation. 3. Your father has received the â€Å"National Best Farmer’s Award†. Write a letter to your brother who is outside the country, describing the ceremony. Part B Comprehension 4. Read the following passage carefully and answer all the questions. Cholera is a very dangerous disease which can kill many people within a short time. Indeed, it has ruined several communities particularly in developing countries. It must therefore be prevented at all costs. The disease is generally spread by germs which thrive in filthy and unhygienic areas. There could be an outbreak of cholera when drinking water becomes polluted by floods after a downpour. Human carriers also cause the disease to spread from place to place. For example, a person carrying the cholera germs would vomit or pass frequent stools. Flies would then carry the germs on their hairy legs and deposit then on exposed food or in water. When a person eats this contaminated food or drinks the polluted water, he or she is likely to contact the disease unknowingly. On the whole, the main symptoms of cholera are severe diarrhoea and vomiting, which may result in loss of weight. The stool tends to be watery. As a lot of fluid is lost from the body, the patient quickly becomes dehydrated, thin and weak. The rapid loss of body fluid can soon result in death, unless the loss is fluid is replaced immediately. The first thing for the patient to do is to replenish as much fluid as is lost by taking, from time to time, boiled water which has been allowed to cool and mixed with salt and sugar. Then, he should seek medical attention. a) Where do cholera germs usually breed? ) Mention the two main carriers of cholera germs. c) (i) State the two signs of cholera (ii)Give one effect of the disease d) What advice does the writer give to the cholera patient? e) Explain the following expressions in your own words: (i) It has ruined several communities; (ii) At all costs; (iii) After a downpour f) For each of the following words, give another word or phrase that means the same or can fit into the passage. (i) Thrive; (ii) Deposit; (iii) Rapid; (iv) Replenish; (v) Seek; How to cite Water and National Best Farmer, Papers

Changing airline industry Essay Example For Students

Changing airline industry Essay On December 17, 1903, two men changed the way of travel forever. No, I am not talking about cars or trains. I am talking about one of the greatest inventions of the twentieth century. Wilbur and Orville Wright invented flight. (Grolier, 1999) This invention sparked a concept of traveling in the air. This kind of travel would allow people to get from one place to another quickly. It would save time and money. If a person could travel for Los Angles to New York in one day, it would be a something that was never heard of. A person could even travel across the ocean to other countries. During that age, flight was very exciting and important. It was a new concept for the world. It was an important concept that they did not realize at that time. They did not understand that the dream that they had would someday revolutionize the way that we travel.Airlines are still a very important part of our worlds economy. In fact, the world would not function without them. People from every country use airplanes. An airline company has to be able to handle different cultures, ethnic groups, and financial groups. They also need to be able to handle the growth of passengers for the coming years. Mike Beirne says that U.S. Department of Transportation statistics suggest that international passenger traffic may actually increase. (Brandweek 1999) When you look at all of these factors, you can see that the coming years are going to be a role coaster for the airline industry. The airlines company that suite the majority of these people will get the bulk of the business. Because of this there are going to be many changes in the airline industry. The airline business is going to have a marketing frenzy. We can expect every company to make changes to their current planes. The reason that they are going to make changes is that they will want more of the business. If a company does not change, they will be left behind and eventually be put out of business. In this paper, I will show you different marketing techniques that will win over travelers. One Marketing strategy that airline carriers are implementing into their airplanes is a better seat. Mike Beirne says, Not those skinny torture chairs that force passengers knees up to their ears when the person sitting in front leans back, but rather the cushy kind, with lumbar supports, headrest and greater pitch so road warriors can sleep in bliss during a 20-hour flight to Hong Kong. (Brandweek 1999) You know what he is talking about; he is talking about those two by fours that are surround by fabric. Instead of having these kinds of seats, airline companies are making the seats more comfortable. They are also making them more convenient to all that want to flight in them. Frequent travelers select an airline company that has comfort and hospitality almost before they select a company with a good safety and on-time performance. My dad is a good example of this kind of person. When my dad is looking at what airplane to use he usually looks at a plane that is comfortable. My dad is a big man and he needs a lot of room so this is very important. He also looks at the safety record of that company, but he a lot of the time looks at comfort first. The reason that he does this is because all companies are safe. If they were not safe, they would not be able to be in business. Airline companies are spending a lot of money to adopt this knew marketing strategy. .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca , .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca .postImageUrl , .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca , .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca:hover , .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca:visited , .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca:active { border:0!important; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca:active , .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf3fdb8d332b390e79c60087bc5f7edca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Implications of Omnipotence Essay They are starting to understand that travelers want more luxuries and comfort. People in todays society want more comfort then did in the past. Because of this concept, airline companies can bump up their prices and still have people wanting to flight. Southwest Airlines is one of the airline companies that are looking at a different marketing strategy. One way in which they are doing this is by implementing a program that was introduced in 1991. This program is a program where friends fly free. It is like a coupon that says buy one get one free. In todays culture, everybody is trying to get something for nothing. If these business are marketing this kind of strategy there are not going to be many people that will pass up the offer. (Advertising Age 1996)Southwest airlines also had a promotion that stirred up a lot of business. They offered 25-dollar tickets to non-stop flights. By offering tickets at such a low price, it affected the whole market. It made all other companies drop their prices so that they could have some of the business. This is a very good strategy because it allows a company to control the market. Southwest Airlines is a big player when it comes to the airline industry. They have a lot of pull on the market. With Joyce Rogge as their VP-advertising and promotions, the company is sitting pretty. She is very bright and is always coming up with new and innovative ideas on how to sell to the public. (Advertising Age 1996)Another marketing strategy that is familiar to us is the air mile. The air mile is a simple concept to understand. It goes like this; the more miles you fly the more miles that you will get free. This is a good thing for those people that travel international a lot. It is also good for the person that does not travel all that much. The reason that it is good is because a person can get free miles with every trip that he or she goes on. The more miles you pay for the more miles you get free. Some credit card companies offer miles with every use of their card. This is not only help the credit card company, but it is also helping the airline company. Everyday technology is advancing and showing us new ways in which to do things. Technology is something that affects everything in the world and airline travel is no exception. A couple of years ago it was rare to see a video game machine, but know they have games smaller than calculators. We have TVs that are flat and the size of a watch. We have Laptops, Computers, cell phones, Fax machines, and an assortment of other tools that people use everyday. Airlines marketing fads have a habit of backfiring. Now they may have strapped a new albatross around their necks: in-flight entertainment. Airlines are spending over one million per aircraft to put in a ton of chunky electronics that adds as much to fuel consumption as twenty extra passengers-but does not always work. (The Economist 1995) The airline companies see this as another way to market their planes. Companies are now implementing state of the art audio and video equipment to planes. They are doing away with those hard to see white screens. Airline companies are now installing TVs to every seat on the plain. They are also adding data ports so that business people can get on the Internet. They also offer phones to anybody that wants to use them. I have explained several different marketing strategies that airline companies are now trying to implement into their plains. These companies are trying to get as much as the market as possible. The only way that they are going to get the market they want is by coming up with new marketing strategies. .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 , .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 .postImageUrl , .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 , .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0:hover , .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0:visited , .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0:active { border:0!important; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0:active , .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0 .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4d1c56735c058f8f6cce4b9db6148a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Business Management Essay Some of these strategies might not work and again some might. If a strategy works then a company might do well. If it does not work then it will do poorly. The only way to advance a company is by trying new things. A company needs to stick its head out into the marketing world and hold on because it is a bumpy ride.Bibliography: